In India important rabi pulses are chickpea, lentil, lathyrus, mungbean, urdbean, fababean etc. They are very much location specific depending on the dietary preference of the particular area or region. Chickpea occupied maximum area of rabi pulses (8.4 lakh ha) producing 6.68 lakh tones, during 1998-99. The area and production statistics in India for rabi pulses in summarized in Table 1.
The productivity of rabi pulses is very much dependent on the duration of winter. Long winter is one of the reason to have better productivity in northern states than those in Central and Southern India. Under dry land agriculture the rabi crops are more dependent on nature for their moisture requirement; which is decided by climatic factor like rainfall, sunshine hours, humidity, temperature, rate of open pan evaporation etc. In peninsular India, the winter is not very cool and the minimum temperature below 15oC is for very limited period. Moreover, day temperature shoots up above 35oC much earlier (in February or so) in Southern part as compared to North Indian States. Hence, the varietal requirement varies in different states. In north, long duration varieties (above 135 days maturity) can do well, while in Centre and South short duration varieties of 90 to 110 days are more preferable. The varieties of major rabi pulses for different states are listed in Table 2.
Land requirement : As the dry land crops are dependant on residual soil moisture without irrigation, the soils should have excellent water holding capacity with better drainage and rich in organic carbon. Traditionally rabi lands were very much reserved by keeping them fallow in kharif following frequent tillage through harrowing which help water conservation and weed control. However, now a days short duration kharif crops maturing before September end or early October (e.g. mung, udid soybean) are followed by rabi pulses. Under such circumstances, it is very necessary that the kharif crop is weed free with better mulching for soil moisture conservation. Immediately after harvest of kharif crop, it is necessary to have harrowing to have better pulverized seed bed without much loss of soil moisture for rabi pulses.
Sowing : Sowing of rabi pulses under dry land condition should synchronise better soil moisture availability. For this reason it is sown immediately after the land preparation (after harvest of short duration kharif crops. The optimum sowing time, seed rate, spacing for various rabi pulses are given in Table 3. They are however adjusted as per the soils and climates of different regions and states. In North-India prevailing cool, humid weather in November, permit the sowing of pulses as late as November end. However, in Central & South India dry land rabi sowing is restricted earlier by mid October.
Care to maintain optimum plant stand:
a) Check germination percentage and seed index of the seed available for sowing. Adjust the seed rate on germination and seed index, to maintain optimum plant stand given in Table 3.
b) Seed treatment with fungicide (e.g. thiram) at the rate of 3 g per kg seed should be undertaken to avoid early seedling mortality. Now a days antogonist fungi viz., Trichoderma herzianum or T.viridi is found effective to control the early seedling mortality due to Rhizoctonia, Sclerotium or Fusarium. The culture of T.harzianum or T.viridi is now available and its seed treatment @ 5g/kg seed is equally effective to the fungicidal seed treatment. Use of carboxy-methyl-cellulose (CMC) @ 1g/kg seed as an adhesive, makes the treatment more effective.
c) Levelled land with uniform steady slope and providing good drainage at prepara tory tillage avoids water logging due to untimely rains. It is one of the major factor to cause seedling mortality uncontrollable even by the fungicidal or antagonist’s seed treatment.
d) Uniform drilling preferably through mechanical seeddrill ensures optimum spacing and plant stand.
e) Timely weed control to keep the field weed free at least for 45 to 55 days from sowing ensures the better plant growth and plant population per unit area.
Interculture operations: These are dependent on the soil type and weed infestation. The basic aims of interculture in dryland rabi pulses are the moisture conservation and weed control. It is therefore necessary to avoid hard crust of soil surface due to untimely rains and soil cracks due to dry and hot weather during the period upto 45 days from sowing. Later the well developed crop canopy take care of both the factors i.e. moisture conservation and weed control.
Plant protection : Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) is a major pest of chickpea and also of other rabi pulses. Integrated management approach against the pest is necessary. It involve the management of insects to the lower level of infestation which does not cause economic damage to the crop, by using different practices, including cultural mechanical, biological and use of biopesticides ultimately reducing the use of chemical pesticides to the minimum possible extent.
Protective irrigation : Whenever possible under prolonged drought, protective irrigation to the rabi crops is very beneficial. It has been observed that a single irrigation at flowering or pod development (whenever water stress prevails), improves the productivity by 30 per cent, while two irrigations (at both these stages) gives 52% yield advantage.
Harvesting, threshing and storage: Timely harvest of the crop to avoid shattering losses, need not be stressed. The produce after threshing should be thoroughly dried to ensure seed moisture below 10% and stored at dry place. The produce should be well protected against bruchids.
Table 1 : Area, production and productivity of rabi pulses in India
Crop
Area lakh ha
Production lakh t
Average yield (kg/ha)
Chickpea
84.1
66.8
794
Lentil
13.4
8.6
641
Lathyrus
7.6
4.0
532
Pea
8.7
7.0
856
Mungbean
6.6
2.8
421
Urdbean
8.9
4.6
515
Drybean*@
10.7
4.0
375
* Source: Agril. Statistics at a glance, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of
India, New Delhi.
@ FAO quarterly bulletin on statistics 11(1), 1998 (Figures for 1997)
Table 2 : Notified varieties of major rabi pulses in India
Year Variety Area of adoption
CHICKPEA
1948 Chaffa Maharashtra
1958 CO 1 Tamil Nadu
1970 RS 10 Rajastan
RS 11 Rajastan
1973 C 235 North Western Plain Zone (NWPZ)
G 130 Punjab
G 24 Punjab
S 26 Punjab
Pb 7 Punjab
1974 T 3 Punjab and U.P.
1976 T 87 U.P.
C 214 Punjab and Haryana
L 144 (Kabuli) Haryana
1978 L 550 (Kabuli) NWPZ, NEPZ, CS and NHZ
H 355 Haryana and M.P.
Hare Chole No.1 Punjab
Annegiri Southern Zone
Jyothi A.P.
1980 Pusa 209 NWPZ and NEPZ
1982 Redhey U.P., M.P. and Assam
K 468 U.P.
K 850 U.P.
GL 769 Punjab
Pant G 114 U.P. and NEPZ
Mahamaya 1 (B 108) West Bantal
Chaffa Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka
BDN 9-3 Maharashtra, A.P. and Karnataka
JG 62 M.P.
Dahod Yellow Dujarat and Rajasthan
Warangal Maharashtra
No. 59 Maharashtra
No. 31 Maharashtra
CO 2 Tamil Nadu
Table 2 Contined
Year Variety Area of adoption
1983 Vikas (Phule G 1) Maharashtra
Pusa 212 Central Zone
Gwalior 2 M.P.
Ujjain 21 M.P.
1984 GNG 16 Rajasthan
Kiran (RSG 2) Rajasthan
Mahamaya 2 (B 115) West Bangal
Ujjain 24 M.P.
JG 315 Central Zone
JG 5 (Kabuli) M.P.
1985 Gaurav (H 75-35) NWH and NWPZ
GNG 146 NWPZ
Pusa 256 NWPZ and NEPZ
Pusa 408 NWPZ
Pusa 261 NWPZ
Pusa 240 NWPZ
Pusa 413 NWPZ
ICCC 4 Gujarat and A.P.
Pusa 244 Central Zone
1986 Vishwas (Phule G 5) Central Zone
1987 Avrodhi U.P.
1988 PBG 1 NWPZ
Pusa 267 (Kabuli) NWPZ
Gora Hisari Haryana
1990 Haryana Chana No.1 NWPZ
(H 82-2)
Phule G 12 Maharashtra
1991 JG 74 NEH, West Bengal, Assam, M.P.
RSG 44 Rajasthan
1992 Udav (KPG 59) NWPZ and NEPZ
Bharti (ICCV 10) Central Zone and Southern Zone
Sada Bahar U.P.
1993 Pusa 329 NWPZ
Pusa 372 NWPZ and NEPZ
ICCV-2 Maharashtra
Phule G 81-1-1 Central Zone
(Vijay)
Table 2 Contined
Year Variety Area of adoption
1994 Pusa 362 NWPZ
GF 89-36 NWPZ
GNG 633 NWPZ
1996 KWR 108 NEPZ
Pusa 391 CZ
GNG 469 NWPZ
JG 218 M.P.
Phule G 87207 (Vishal) Maharashtra
BG 1003 Identified : NEPZ
DCP 92-3 Identified : NEPZ
1997 KGD 1168 NWPZ
PDR 3 Punjab
Pant G 186 U.P.
1999 Pusa 1003 (Kabuli) NEPZ
JG-11 SZ
Gujrat Gram-1 CZ
BGD 72 CZ
CO3 Tamilnadu
CO4 Tamilnadu
JG-322 MP
WCG-2 (Surya) U.P.
JGG-1 (Gulabi) M.P.
L-551 (Kabuli) Punjab
BG-1053 (Kabuli) NWPZ
2000 JAKI-9218 CZ
KAK-2 (Kabuli) CZ
GCP-105 NEPZ
2002 SAKI 9516 CZ
Table 2 Contined
Year Variety Area of adoption
FIELDPEA
1984* DMR 11 NHZ, NWPZ, NEPZ, CZ
1987 RP 3 Rajasthan
1987 Pant P 5 NWPZ
1988 HUP 2 (Malviya Matar 2) NEPZ
1992 JP 885 CZ
1988 HFP 4 (Aparna) NWPZ
1993 KFP 103 NWPZ
1995 DMR 7 (Alankar) NWPZ
1995* DDR 13 NEPZ & CZ
1995* HFP 8909 NWPZ
1995* KPMR 144-1 CZ
1996 Swati (KFPD-24) NWPZ
Malviya Matar-15 (HUDP-15) NEPZ
Pusa prabhat (DDR-23) NEPZ
LENTIL
1984* PL 77-2 NEPZ
1986 K-75 (Malika) NEPZ & CZ
1993 L 4076 NWPZ & CZ
Lens 4076 NWP & CZ
1988* Sehore 74-3 CZ
1991 LH 84-8 (Sapna) NWPZ
1990* WBL 58 EZ
1993 PL 81-17 (PL 4) NWPZ
1995 DPL 15 (Priya) NWPZ
1994* KL 133 NEPZ
1995* L 4147 NWPZS
1996* DPL 32 NEPZ
1997 DPL 62 (Sheri) MWPZ
1999 JL-3 (SLC-6) CZ
2000 IPL-81 (Noori) CZ
RAJMA
1987 PDR-14 (Uday) NEPZ
1989 HUR-15 NEPZ
(Malviya rajmash 15)
1991 HUR-137 NEPQ
(Malviya rajmash 137)
Rabi Mungbean
1995 Pusa 9072 SZ
1995* TARM-1 CZ & SZ
1992 TARM-2 Eaxtern Vidarbha
Spring/Summer mung
1987 PDM-11 CZ
PDM54 NEPZ
1990 PDM 84-143 (Basanti) NEPZ
1992 PDM 84-139 (Samrat) NEPZ (Summer)
1993 MH 88-111 (Basant) NWPZ (Spring)
1998 Pusa 9531 NWPZ (Spring)
CZ (Summer)
1999 HUM-1 CZ (Spring)
2000 Pusa 105 CZ (Summer)
Pusa Vishal NWPZ (Spring + Summer)
Rabi urdbean
1991 LBG-17 (Krishnayya) SZ
1991 LBG-402 (Prabhava) SZ
1994 Melghat (AKU-4) Eastern Vidarbha
1997 TU 94-2 SZ
1998 KU 301 SZ
Spring/Summer Urdbean
1991 PDU-1 (Basant bahar) NWP, NEP, CZ (Spring)
1999 KU 92-1 NEPZ (Spring)
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* Year of identification by AICRP on Pulses
Table 3 : Production practices for rabi pulses
Crop Basal Sowing Spacing Average Standard Seed rate
fertilizer time (cm) plant 100 seed on the
(N-P-K) stand weight standard
(kg/ha) per ha (g) seed index
in lakh
Chickpea
Rainfed 20-40-0 25 Sept. 30x10 3.33 14-16 50-60
to 30th Oct.
Irrigated 25-50-0 20 Oct. 30x10 3.33 14-16 50-60
to 30thNov.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Fieldpea 60-60-0 15 Oct. 30x10 3.33 18-22 70-80
to 30thNov.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lentil
Drilled 20-40-0 15 Oct. 22.5x10 4.44 Bold 8-10
to 30th kernel types
Nov. 2.5to2.8
Small 6-8
kernel types
1.8-2.0
Utera - - - Sept. to 5.50 1.8-2.0 15-20
Oct. Broadcast
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Rabi mung and udid
Drilled 20-40-0 Nov. to 30x10 3.33 3.0-3.5 10-12
Dec.
Utera - - - Sept. to 5.50 3.0-3.5 20-25
Oct. Broadcast
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Rajma 90-60-30 October 30x10 3.00 28-30 120-140
end to November
* Seed rate should be adjusted according to seed size, germination percentage and desired spacing.
Table 4: Production and availability of pulses in India
Plan Production Availability
million t) (g/adult/day)
I 11.7 64.6
II 12.7 68.5
III 9.9 60.5
IV 10.0 47.7
V 12.2 43.9
VI 11.8 39.0
VII 12.6 40.0
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