Early Leaf Spot Symptoms

Sub-circular dark brown spots are produced on the upper leaflet surface. The spots are of lighter shade of brown on the lower side of the leaflets. Yellow halo is seen around the brown spots.

Early Leaf Spot

	Symptoms: Oval to elongate spots are also seen on stems, petioles, and pegs.
	Symptoms: Severe disease attack leads to shedding of leaflets (Fig.) resulting in premature ageing of the crop.

Late Leaf Spot

Symptoms

Late leaf spots are nearly circular and darker than early leaf spots (Top Fig.)

Early Leaf Spot SYMPTOMS Late leaf spots can be distinguished from those of early leaf spots (Bottom Fig.). Late leaf spots are darker with no or light yellow halo.

	Symptoms: The late leaf spots on the lower leaflet surface are rough in appearance. Circular rings of fungus fruiting structures can be seen on the lower leaflet surface with the the aid of a hand lens (Fig.).
	Symptoms: Severe disease attack leads to shedding of leaflets (Fig.) resulting in premature ageing of the crop. Oval to elongate spots similar to early leaf spot are also formed on stems and pegs. Late leaf spot attack is usually seen along with rust disease.

Late Leaf Spot The comparisons of early and late leaf spot of groundnut

Character	Early leaf spot	Late leaf spot
Stage Of Occurrence	Early Infection	Usually late infection
Surface on which	Upper surface	Lower Surface
most spores are produced and their arrangements	random	in concentric rings
Shape Of  Spot	Circular to irregular	Usually  circular Leaf

The comparisons of early and late leaf spot of groundnut

Character	Early leaf spot	Late leaf spot
color of leaf spot on upper leaf surface	Light brown To black tending towards brown With some yellow halo	Brown to black tending towards black
Color of spot on Lower leaf surface	Brown	ooo

Management of Early leaf Spot

As the disease is soil-borne, proper crop rotation is important. Good weed control is helpful as dense weed growth encourages disease development. Growing moderately resistant cultivars like ICGV 89104, ICGV 91114 (EM), ICGV 920920, ICGV 92093 (MM). Fungicidal control of leaf spots is effective. Foliar spray with Kavach or Bavistin @ 2 g/liter of water and 500 liters/ha. Copper, sulfur, and copper/sulfur dusts give good control of leaf spots and also some control of rust. But, these may be expensive. Bordeaux mixture spray gives good control of rust and leaf spots. But, difficult to prepare than modern fungicides. Maneb and Mancozeb sprays are effective in controlling leaf spots and give some control of rust.Benomyl spray results in excellent control of leaf spots. But, likely to stimulate production of tolerant strains of fungus.

Management of Late leaf Spot

Collect and destroy the infected crop debris. Follow cereal-cereal- groundnut crop rotation. Bavistin at 1 g/liter water or Kavach at 2 g/liter water, and 500 liters/ha. Grow moderately resistant cultivars like ICGV 89104, ICGV 91114 (EM), ICGV 920920, ICGV 92093 (MM).